Ayres, Richard, Natural Resources Defence Council, "Statement" Proceedings of Subcommittee on Environmental Protection, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate, 101st Congress, 1st Sess.

Barakat & Chamberlin, Study of Atmospheric Emission Trading Programs in the United States: Final Report (Winnipeg: Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment, Emission Trading Working Group, 1991).

Barre, Remiand & Bower, Blaire, "Water Management in France, with special emphasis on Water Quality Mangement and Effluent Charges," in Incentives in Water Quality Management in France and the Ruhr Area (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1981).

Blake, Sara, Administrative Law in Canada (Toronto: Butterworths, 1992).

Bohm, Peter, Deposit-Refund Systems: Theory and Applications to Environmental, Conservation, and Consumer Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press for Resources for the Future, 1981).

Bressers, Hans A., "Use of Economic Instruments for Environmental Management: The Role of Effluent Charges in Dutch Water Quality Policy," in H. von Gunter Schneider, & R. Sprenger, eds., Mehr Umweltschultz fhur weniger Geld (Munich: Ifo-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung, 1984).

British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Beverage Container Initiative - Policy Options (Victoria: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 1992).

British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Beverage Container Recovery System (Victoria: Ministry of Environment, November 1991).

British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Beverage Container Recovery System - Private Sector Ownership Structure (Victoria: Ministry of Environment, May 1991).

British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Ensuring Effective Enforcement (Victoria: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 1991).

British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, New Approaches to Environmental Protection in British Columbia: A Legislation Discussion Paper (Victoria: Queen's Printer for British Columbia, 1992).

British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Revising British Columbia's Waste Discharge Permit Fee System: A Discussion Paper (Victoria: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, 1992).

British Columbia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, Sustainable Development and Economic Instruments: Part One: Market Incentives Resource Accounting (Victoria: Queen's Printer for British Columbia, 1991).

Canada, Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection: Discussion Paper (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1992).

Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment, Emission Trading Working Group, Emission Trading: A Discussion Paper (Winnipeg: CCME, 1992).

Canada, Green Plan (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1990).

Cassils, J. A., "Exploring Incentives: An Introduction to Incentives and Economic Instruments for Sustainable Development," (Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, 1990).

Chaplin, Scott Whittier, "Environmentally-Responsible Packaging Trends Around the World: Implications for the U.S." (Snowmass, Colorado: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1993).

Conference on Harnessing Market Forces to Protect the Environment, Summary of Proceedings (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government/Project 88, August 1989).

Crampes, Claude, et al., "The Experience of the River Basin Agencies in France," in H. von Gunter Schneider & R. Sprenger, eds., Mehr Umweltschultz fhur weniger Geld (Munich: Ifo-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung, 1984).

Davis, K.C., "Discretionary Justice" in Evans, J.M. et al., Administrative Law 3d ed. (Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 1989).

Doninger, David, National Clean Air Coalition, "Statement" in Proceedings of Subcommittee on Environmental Protection, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate, 101st Congress, 1st Sess., Part 1.

Dower, Roger C. & Zimmerman, Marybeth, The Right Climate for Carbon Taxes: Creating Economic Incentives to Protect the Atmosphere (Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 1992).

Driedger, Elmer, Construction of Statutes, 2d ed. (Toronto: Butterworths, 1983).

Environmental Resources Limited, Economic Instruments and Recovery of Resources from Waste (London: HMSO, 1992).

Environmentally Sound Packaging (ESP) Coalition of Canada, The Consumer Interest in Economic Instruments: Report and Seminar Proceedings (Vancouver: ESP, 1993).

Evans, J.M. et al., Administrative Law 3d ed. (Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 1989).

Fleming, John, The Law of Torts, 7th ed. (Sidney: Law Book Company, 1987).

Foley, Dermot, et al., Economic Instruments in Action (Vancouver: Society Promoting Environmental Conservation, 1993).

Foley, Dermot, et al., Economic Instruments in Action: Proceedings (Vancouver: Society Promoting Environmental Conservation, 1993).

Fortin, M. & Mitchell, B., Water and Wastewater Charges for Ontario: The User Pay Principle (Mississauga: Ontario Sewer and Watermain Contractors Association, 1990).

Gertler, Franklin, Muldoon, Paul & Valiante, Marsha, "Public Access to Environmental Justice," in Sustainable Development in Canada: Options for Law Reform (Ottawa: Canadian Bar Association, 1990).

Gianessi, Leonard P. et al., Regulating Pesticide Use: Social Costs, Policy Targeting and Economic Incentives (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1989).

Hogg, Peter, Constitutional Law of Canada, 2d ed. (Toronto: Carswell, 1972).

Hogg, Peter, Constitutional Law of Canada, 3d ed. (Toronto: Carswell, 1992).

Huppes, G. et al., New Market-Oriented Instruments for Environmental Policies (London: Graham & Trotman for The Commission for the European Communities, 1992).

Jaffe, Adam B. & Stavins, Robert N. Evaluating the Relative Effectiveness of Economic Incentives and Direct Regulation for Environmental Protection: Impacts on the Diffusion of Technology (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1991).

Jones, David & DeVillar, Anne, Principles of Administrative Law (Toronto: Carswell, 1985).

Keyes, John, Executive Legislation: Delegated Law Making by the Executive Branch (Toronto: Butterworths, 1992).

Krupnick, Alan J., Tradable Nutrient Permits and the Chesapeake Bay Compact (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1989).

Kuhner, Jochen & Bower, Blair, "Water Quality Management in the Ruhr Area of the Federal Republic of Germany, with special emphasis on charge systems," in Incentives in Water Quality Management: France and the Ruhr Area (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1981).

La Forest, G. V., The Allocation of Taxing Power Under the Canadian Constitution, 2d ed. (Toronto: Canadian Tax Foundation, 1981).

Lidgren, Karl, "Use of Economic Instruments in the Environmental Policy in Sweden," in H. von Gunter Schneider & R. Sprenger, eds., Mehr Umweltschultz fhur weniger Geld (Munich: Ifo-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung, 1984).

Linden, Allen, Canadian Tort Law, 3d (Toronto: Butterworths, 1982).

Lipsey, Richard G., "Greening by Market or Command," in Bruce Doern, ed., The Environmental Imperative: Market Approaches to the Greening of Canada (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 1990).

Liroff, Richard A., Reforming Air Pollution Regulation: The Toil and the Trouble of EPA's Bubble (Washington D.C.: The Conservation Foundation, 1986).

Lucas, Alistair R., "Harmonization of Federal and Provincial Environmental Policies: The Changing Legal and Policy Framework," in O. Saunders, ed., Managing Natural Resources in a Federal State (Calgary: Carswell, 1986).

Lucas, Alastair R., "Jurisdictional Disputes: Is Equivilency a Workable Solution?" in Into the Future, Environmental Law and Policy for the 1990's (Edmonton: Environmental Law Centre, 1990).

Macauley, Molly, et al., Using Economic Incentives to Regulate Toxic Substances (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1992).

McFetridge, D.G., "The Economic Approach to Environmental Issues," in Bruce Doern ed., The Environmental Imperative: Market Approaches to the Greening of Canada. (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 1990).

Oates, Wallace E., "Economic Incentives for Environmental Management: The Recent U.S. Experience," in H. von Gunter Schneider & R. Sprenger, eds., Mehr Umweltschultz fhur weniger Geld (Munich: Ifo-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung, 1984).

Ontario, Ministry of the Environment, The Extra-Strength Sewer Surcharge to Regulate Industrial Sanitary Sewer Users (Toronto: Ministry of the Environment, 1988).

Opschoor, J. & Vos, H., Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection (Paris: OECD, 1989).

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Environmental Policy: How to Apply Economic Instruments (Paris: OECD, 1991).

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Environmental Policies in Finland (Paris: OECD, 1988).

Rehbinder, E. & Sprenger, R., The Emissions Trading Policy in the United States of America: An Evaluation of its Advantages and Disadvantages and Analysis of its Applicability in the Federal Republic of Germany (Washington, D.C.: EPA Office of Policy Analysis, July 1985).

Reid, Robert F. & David, Hillel, Administrative Law and Practice, 2d ed. (Toronto: Butterworths, 1978).

Repetto, Robert et al., Green Fees: How a Tax Shift Can Work for the Environment and the Economy (Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 1992).

Sandborn, C., W.J. Andrews & B. Wylynko, Preventing Toxic Pollution: Toward a British Columbia Strategy (Vancouver: West Coast Environmental Law Research Foundation, 1991).

Saxe, Dianne, Environmental Offences: Corporate Responsibility and Executive Liability (Aurora, Ontario: Canada Law Book, 1990).

Shrybman, Stephen, "Trading Away the Environment" in Grinspun & Cameron, eds., Political Economy of North American Free Trade (Montreal: McGill, Queen's University Press, 1993).

Stone, Michael, Pricing Pollution: Revising British Columbia's Waste Discharge Permit Fees (Victoria: B.C. Ministry of Environment, 1990).

Stone, Michael, Environmental Excise Taxes: Options for British Columbia (Victoria: B.C. Ministry of the Environment, 1990).

Stone, Frank, Canada, the GATT, and the International Trade System, 2d ed. (Montreal: The Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1992).

Suurland, Jan A., "Regulatory Reform of Environmental Policy in the Netherlands," in H. von Gunter Schneider & R. Sprenger, eds., Mehr Umweltschultz fhur weniger Geld (Munich: Ifo-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung, 1984).

Swaigen, John, Regulatory Offences in Canada, Liability and Defences (Toronto: Carswell, 1992).

Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Nickel Cadmium Batteries, Cadmium in Phosphorus Fertilizers: Economic Instruments of Control in Environmental Policy (Stockholm: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 1991).

Tetlow, J. Alan, "Aspects of Pollution Control Policies in the United Kingdom with Particular Reference to the Water Industry," in H. von Gunter Schneider & R. Sprenger, eds., Mehr Umweltschultz fhur weniger Geld (Munich: Ifo-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung, 1984).

Tussing, Arlon R., "Environmental Policy Issues in the Third Phase of Economic Activity," in Bruce Doern, ed., The Environmental Imperative: Market Approaches to the Greening of Canada (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 1990).

United States General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Deficits, Debt Management and International Debt, Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate Environmental Protection: Implications of Using Pollution Taxes to Supplement Regulation, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1993).

United States General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Governmental Afffairs, U.S. Senate, Environmental Enforcement: EPA Cannot Ensure the Accuracy of Self-Reported Compliance Monitoring Data (Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1993).

United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requesters, Solid Waste: Trade-offs Involved in Beverage Container Deposit Legislation (Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990).

Waage, Peter, "Use of Economic Instruments in Pollution Control Policy in Norway," in H. von Gunter Schneider & R. Sprenger, eds., Mehr Umweltschultz fhur weniger Geld (Munich: Ifo-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung, 1984).

Wade, Sir William, Administrative Law, 6th ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988).

Wirth, T., & Heinz J., Project 88: Harnessing Market Forces to Protect Our Environment (Washington, D.C.: Project 88, 1988).

Wirth, T., & Heinz, J., Project 88--Round II, Incentives for Action: Designing Market-Based Environmental Strategies (Washington, D.C.: Project 88, 1991).

Woodward, Jack, Native Law (Vancouver: Carswell, 1989).

Workshop Proceedings, Market-Based Policy Mechanisms for Toxic and Hazardous Substance Management, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Project 88 - Round II, Janauary 16, 1992.

Canadian and United Kingdom Cases

A.G. Manitoba v. Manitoba Egg & Poultry Association, [1971] S.C.R. 689, 19 D.L.R. (3d) 169.

Ackerman v. Nova Scotia (1988), 47 D.L.R. (4th) 681 (N.S.S.C.T.D).

Agence Maritime v. Canada Labour Relations Board, [1969] S.C.R. 851.

Agricultural Products Marketing Act, Re: (1978), 83 D.L.R.(3d) 257 (S.C.C.).

Alberta Government Telephones v. Canada (Canadian Radio-Television & Telecommunications Commission), [1989] 2 S.C.R. 225.

Aluminum Co. of Canada Inc. v. Ontario (Ministry of Environment) (1986), 1 (S.C.C.) C.E.L.R.(N.S.) 1 (Ont. Div'l Ct.).

Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia (1989), 56 D.L.R. (4th) 1.

Attorney General v. De Keyser's Royal Hotel, Limited, [1920] A.C. 508.

Attorney General of Canada v. Registrar of Titles, [1934] 4 D.L.R. 764 (B.C.C.A.).

Attorney General of Ontario v. Reciprocal Insurers, [1924] A.C. 328, [1924] 1 D.L.R. 789 (P.C.).

Attorney General of Canada v. Hydro Quebec (August 6, 1992), Shawnigan Reg. 410-36-000024914 (Que. S.C.).

Baiton Enterprises Ltd. v. Liquor Licensing Commission, [1985] 1 W.W.R. 186 (1984, Sask. Q.B.).

Bank of Montreal v. Hall, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 121.

Bank of Toronto v. Lambe (1887), 12 App. Cas. 575.

Bendamahne v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1989] 3 F.C. 16 (Fed. C.A.).

Bennett v. Wilfrid Laurier University (1983), 43 O.R.(2d) 123 (Div'l Ct.) aff'd (1984), 48 O.R. (2d) 122 (C.A.).

Brant Dairy Company v. Milk Commission of Ontario, [1973] S.C.R. 720.

British Columbia (Attorney General) v. Canadian Pacific Railway, [1927] A.C. 934, [1927] 4 D.L.R. 113 (P.C.).

Brosseau v. Alberta Securities Commission, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 301.

Burnham v. Metropolitan Toronto Police, [1987] 2 S.C.R. 572.

Cairns Construction Ltd. v. Saskatchewan, [1960] S.C.R. 619, 24 D.L.R.(2d) 1.

Caloil v. A.G. Canada, [1971] S.C.R. 543.

Canada Metal Co. and the Queen, Re: (1982), 144 D.L.R. (3d) 124 (Man. Q.B.).

Canadian Indemnity Co. v. A.G.B.C., [1976] 5 W.W.R. 748, 30 C.P.R. (2d) 1, 11 N.R. 466, 73 D.L.R. (3d)111 (S.C.C.).

Canadian Industrial Oil & Gas Ltd. v. Government of Saskatchewan (1977), 80 D.L.R.(3d) 449 (S.C.C.).

Canadian National Railway Co. v. Ontario (Director appointed under the Environmental Protection Act) (1992), 8 C.E.L.R. (N.S.) 1 (Ont. C.A.).

Canadian Occidental Petroleum v. North Vancouver (1986), 13 B.C.L.R. (2d) 34 (B.C.C.A.).

Canadian Pacific Ltd. v. Ontario (1993), 10 C.E.L.R.(N.S.)169 (Ont. C.A.).

Canadian Pacific Airlines Ltd. v. British Columbia, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 1133; 59 D.L.R. (4th) 218.

Capital Cities Communications Inc. v. Canadian Radio-Television Commission, [1978] 2 S.C.R. 141.

Cardinal v. A.G. Alta. (1973), 40 D.L.R. (3d) 553 (S.C.C.).

Carnation Co. v. Quebec Agricultural Marketing Board, [1968] S.C.R. 238.

Central Canada Potash v. Saskatchewan, [1977] 2 S.C.R. 134 at 149.

Chief Constable of North Wales Police v. Evans, [1982] 1 W.L.R. 1155 (H.L.).

CKOY Ltd. v. The Queen, [1979] 1 S.C.R. 2.

Commission du Salaire Minimum v. Bell Telephone Co., [1966] S.C.R. 767.

Cosyns v. Canada (Attorney General) (1992), 88 D.L.R.(4th) 507 (Ont. Div'l Ct.).

County of Strathcona No. 20 and Maclab Enterprises, Re: (1971), 20 D.L.R.(3d) 200 (Alta. S.C., App. Div.).

Cream Silver Mines Ltd. v. British Columbia. (1993), 75 B.C.L.R. (2d) (C.A.)

Delta v. Aztec Aviation Group (1985), 28 M.P.L.R. 215 (B.C.S.C.).

Dene Nation v. The Queen, [1984] 2 F.C. 942 (T.D.).

Dick v. The Queen, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 309.

Douglas Lake Cattle Company Ltd. v. Minister of Environment and Parks., [1988] B.C.J. No. 489 (B.C.S.C.).

Dow Chemical Canada Inc. v. British Columbia (1992), 67 B.C.L.R. (2d) 145 (B.C.C.A.).

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre v. New Garage and Motor Co. Ltd. [1915] A.C. 79 (H.L.).

Eagle Disposal Systems Ltd. v. Minister of Environment (1987), 9 C.C.C. (3rd) 501 (Ont. H.C.J.).

Edwards Books and Art Ltd. v. The Queen (1986), 30 C.C.C. (3d) 385 (S.C.C.).

Employment and Social Insurance Act, Re:, [1936] S.C.R. 427.

Fletcher v. Rylands (1865), 159 E.R. 737.

Friends of the Oldman River Society v. Canada (Minister of Transport) (1992), 7 C.E.L.R. (N.S.) 1 (S.C.C.).

General Motors v. City National Leasing, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 641.

Grant v. British Columbia (1986), 40 M.V.R. 56 (B.C.S.C.)

Gray Line of Victoria v. Chabot, [1984] 2 W.W.R. 635 (B.C.C.A.).

Griffin v. Canada (1989), 26 F.T.R. 185.

Hartel Holdings Co. Ltd. v. Calgary, [1984] 1 S.C.R. 337.

Home Oil Distributors v. A.G.B.C., [1940] S.C.R. 444.

Hurd v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1988] F.C.J. 945.

International Aviation Terminal Inc. v. Richmond (Township) March 16, 1992, Van. Reg. CA01384, (B.C.C.A.).

Interprovincial Cooperatives v. The Queen (1975), [1976] S.C.R. 477.

Irwin Toy Ltd. v. Quebec, [1989] 1 S.C.R. 927.

Islands Protection Society v. Environmental Appeal Board (1988), 32 Admin. L.R. 36 (B.C.S.C.).

Kindersley v. Boisvert, [1986] 6 W.W.R. 636 (Sask. Q.B.).

Labatt Breweries of Canada Limited v. Canada (A.G.), [1980] 1 S.C.R. 914.

LaFarge Concrete Ltd and District of Coquitlam, Re: (1972), 32 D.L.R.(3d) 459 (B.C.C.A.).

Lavers v. B.C. (Minister of Finance) (1989), 41 B.C.L.R.. (2d) 307 (C.A.).

Law Society of Upper Canada v. French (1974), 49 D.L.R. (3d) 1 (S.C.C.).

Lister v. Ontario (A.G.) (1990), 67 D.L.R. 4th 732 (Ont. H.C.J.).

MacMillan Bloedel v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (1984), 4 Admin.L.R. 1 (B.C.C.A.).

Manitoba v. Air Canada, [1980] 2 S.C.R. 303, 111 D.L.R. (3d) 513.

Maple Lodge Farms Ltd. & Government of Canada, Re: (1982), 137 D.L.R. (3d) 558 (S.C.C.).

McInnes v. Onslow Fane, [1978] 1 W.L.R. 1520 (Eng. Ch. D.).

Montcalm Construction Inc. v. Minimum Wage Comm'n (1978), 93 D.L.R. (3d) 641 (S.C.C.).

Multiple Access Ltd. v. McCucheon, [1982] 2 S.C.R. 161.

National Trust Co. v. Bouckhuyt (1987), 61 O.R. (2d) 640 (Ont. C.A.).

Newfoundland Telephone Company Limited v. Newfoundland (Public Utilities Board), [1992] 1 S.C.R. 623.

Nicholson v. Haldimand-Norfolk Regional Board of Commissioners of Police, [1979] 1 S.C.R. 311.

Northwest Falling Contractors Ltd. v. The Queen (1980), 113 D.L.R. (3d) 1 (S.C.C.).

Nova Scotia Board of Censors v. McNeil, [1978] 2 S.C.R. 662.

Oakwood Development Ltd. v. St Francois Xavier (Rural Municipality) (1985), 61 N.R. 321.

Prysiazniuk v. Hamilton Wentworth (Regional Municipality) (1985), 51 O.R.(2d) 339 (Div. Ct).

The Queen v. Tener (1985), 17 D.L.R.(4th) 1 (S.C.C.).

The Queen v. Thomas Equipment, [1979] 2 S.C.R. 529.

Randall v. The Queen (1989), 49 C.R.R. 368 (B.C.Co.Ct.).

R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd. (1985), 18 D.L.R. (4th) 321 (S.C.C.).

R. v. Burt, [1988] 1 W.W.R. 385 (Sask. C.A.).

R. v. Canadian Pacific Ltd. (1993), 10 C.E.L.R. (N.S.) 169 (Ont. C.A.).

R. v. Carson (1983), 41 O.R. (2nd) 420 (C.A.).

R. v. C.L.P. Canmarket Lifestyle Products Corp., [1988] 2 W.W.R. 170 (Man. C.A.).

R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd. (1988), 3 C.E.L.R. (N.S.) 1 (S.C.C.).

R. v. D'Entremont (1987), 34 C.R.R. 255 (N.S. Co. Ct.).

R. v. Fowler, [1980] 2 S.C.R. 213, 113 D.L.R. (3d) 513.

R. v. Furtney, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 89.

R. v. Genereux (1992), 133 N.R. 241; 8 C.R.R.(2d) 89 (S.C.C.).

R. v. George's Contracting Ltd. (1987), 15 B.C.L.R. (2nd) 240.

R. v. Greckol (1991), 79 Alta. L.R. (2d) 272 (Alta. Q.B.).

R. v. Grey, [1989] 1 W.W.R. 66 (Man. C.A.).

R. v. Harrt and Stewart (1979), 94 D.L.R. (3d) 461 (N.B.S.C., App. Div.).

R. v. Hydro Quebec, (August 6, 1992) Shawnigan 410-36-24-914 (Que. S.C., Crim. Div.).

R. v. Klassen (1959), 20 D.L.R. (2d) 406 (Man. C.A.).

R. v. Lake Ontario Cement Ltd. (1973), 11 C.C.C. (2d) 1 (Ont. H.C.).

R. v. Morgentaler, [1976] 1 S.C.R. 616.

R. v. Nitrochem Inc. (1992), 8 C.E.L.R. 283 (Ont. Ct. J., Prov. Div.).

R. v. Norris (1992), 17 W.C.B. (2d) 160 (Ont. Ct. J., Prov. Div.).

R. v. OMI International (Canada) Inc. (1989), 4 C.E.L.R.(N.S.) 190 (Ont. Prov. Ct.).

R. v. Randall (1989), 49 C.R.R. 368 (B.C. Co. Ct.).

R. v. Sault Ste. Marie, [1978] 2 S.C.R. 1299.

R. v. Shubley (1990), 53 C.C.C. (3rd) 481 (S.C.C.) 493.

R. v. Smith (1989), 14 M.V.R. (2d) 166 (Y.T.C.A.).

R. v. Sutherland (1990), 55 C.C.C. (3d) 265 (N.S.S.C., Ap. Div).

R v. Turpin (1989), 48 C.C.C.(3d) 8 (S.C.C.)

R. v. Wholesale Travel Group Inc. (1991), 67 C.C.C. (3d) 193 (S.C.C.).

R. v. Yes Holdings (1987), 40 C.C.C. (3rd) 30 (Alta. C.A.).

Reader's Digest Association (Canada) Ltd. v. Attorney General of Canada (1967), 59 D.L.R. (2d) 54 (Que. Q.B., App. Div.).

Rio Hotel Ltd. v. New Brunswick (Liquor Licence Board) (1987), 44 D.L.R. (4th) 663 (S.C.C.).

Roncarelli v. Duplessis, [1959] S.C.R. 121.

R.V.P. Enterprises Ltd. v. British Columbia (Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs) (1988), 50 D.L.R.(4th) 394 (B.C.C.A.).

Sanders v. Milk Board (1991), 53 B.C.L.R. (2d.) 167 (B.C.C.A.).

Saumur v. City of Quebec, [1953] 2 S.C.R. 299.

Save Richmond Farmland Society v. Richmond (Township) (1990), 75 D.L.R. (4th) 425 (S.C.C.).

Section 5(a) of the Dairy Industry Act , Ref. Re:, [1949] S.C.R. 1, aff'd [1951] A.C. 179.

Section 94(2) of the Motor Vehicle Act, Re: (1985), 23 C.C.C.(3d) 289 (S.C.C.).

Sections 193 and 195.1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code, Re: (1990), 56 C.C.C.(3d) 65 (S.C.C.).

Shannon v. Lower Mainland Dairy Products Board, [1938] A.C. 708 (P.C.).

Simpsons-Sears Ltd. v. Provincial Secretary of New Brunswick (1976), 71 D.L.R. (3d) 717 (S.C.C.).

Steve Dart Co. (1974), 46 D.L.R. (3d) 745 (F.C.T.D.).

Surrey v. Peace Arch Enterprises Ltd.(1970), 74 W.W.R. 380 (B.C.C.A.).

Theriault v. Nova Scotia Marketing Board (1981), 48 N.S.R. 116 (N.S.S.C., T.D.).

Thomson Newspapers Ltd. v. Canada (Director of Investigation & Research, Restrictive Trade Practices Commission) (1990), 67 D.L.R. (4th) 161 (S.C.C.).

Thorne's Hardware Ltd v. The Queen (1983), 143 D.L.R. (3d) 577 (S.C.C).

TNT Canada Inc. v. Ontario (1986), 1 C.E.L.R. (N.S.) 109 (Ont. C.A.).

Toronto Newspaper Guild and Globe Printing, Re:, [1953] 2 S.C.R. 18.

Township of South-West Oxford v. A.G. Ontario (1983), 44 O.R.(2d) 376 (H.C.).

Trimm v. Durham Regional Police Force, [1987] 2 S.C.R. 582.

Webb and Ontario Housing Corporation, Re: (1978), 93 D.L.R.(3d) 187 (Ont. C.A).

Wigglesworth v. the Queen (1987), 37 C.C.C. (3d) 385 (S.C.C.).

Wilson v. British Columbia (Medical Services Commission) (1988), 53 D.L.R.(4th) 171 (B.C.C.A.).

Wimpey Western Ltd. v. St. Francois Xavier (Rural Municipality) (1985), 61 N.R. 321.

Yellowknife (City) v. Boyd. [1993] N.W.T.J. No. 5 (Terr. Ct.).

American Cases

Alabama Power Co. v. Costle, 636 F.2d 323 (D.C.Cir., 1979).

American Can Co. v. Oregon Liquor Control Commission, 517 P. 2d 691 (Or., 1973).

Anchor Hocking Glass Corp. v. Barber, 105 A 2nd 271 (Vt., 1950).

Bowie Inn, Inc. v. Bowie, 335 A 2nd 679 (Md., 1975).

Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council Inc, 467 US 837, 81 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1984).

Consolidated Paper Inc. v. State of Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources 392 N.W.2d 847 (Wis. C.A., 1986).

Dana Distributors Inc. v. Dept. of Environmental Conservation, 532 N.Y.Supp. 2d 351 (N.Y., 1988).

Environmental Defence Fund v. Environmental Protection Agency CA DC, No. 93-1214, cited in "New York Sues to Limit Acid Rain Trading" (March 19, 1993) Environmental Reporter 3024.

Maine Beer & Wine Wholesalers Association v. State 619 A.2d.94 (Maine, 1993).

Massachusetts Wholesalers of Malt Beverages Inc. v. Attorney General 567 N.E.2d 183 (Mass., 1991).

Midstate Distributing Co. v. Columbia, 617 SW 2nd 419 (1981).

National Resources Defense Council, Inc v. Gorsuch, 685 F.2d 718 (D.C. Cir., 1982).

Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency 941 F.2d 1207 (D.C.C., 1991).

United States v. Sanchez, 340 US 42 (1950).

International Trade Cases

Canada - Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon, (1987), GATT Doc. L/6268.

Canada - Import, Distribution and Sale of Certain Alcoholic Drinks by Provincial Marketing Agencies, 4 World Trade M. 114 (March 1992).

Canada's Landing Requirement for Pacific Coast Salmon and Herring, In the Matter of, Canada-United States Trade Commission Panel, (October 16, 1989).

European Commission v. Denmark, [1989] 1 C.M.L.R. 619.

Thailand - Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, (1990) GATT Doc. DS10/R.

United States Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported Substances (1987). GATT Doc. L6175.

Alberta, Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, R.S. Alta. 1992, c. E-13.3.

Alberta, Provincial Offences Procedure Act, S.A.. 1988, c. P-215.

Alberta, New Tire Advance Disposal Surcharge Bylaw, Alta. Reg. 258/92.

Alberta, Tire Recycling Management Board Bylaw, Alta. Reg. 257/92.

Alberta, Tire Recycling Regulation, Alta. Reg. 249/92.

British Columbia, Offence Act, R.S.B.C. 1979, c. 388.

British Columbia, Social Services Tax Act, R.S.B.C. 1979, c.

British Columbia, Violation Ticket Fines Regulation, B.C. Reg. 434/90.

British Columbia, Violation Ticket Administration Regulation, B.C. Reg. 423/90.

British Columbia, Waste Management Act, S.B.C. 1982, c.35.

British Columbia, Waste Management Permit Fee Regulation, B.C. Reg.

Canada, Canadian Environmental Protection Act, R.S.C. 1985, (4th Supp.) c.16.

Canada, Contraventions Act, S.C. 1992, c. 47.

Canada, Fisheries Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. F-14.

Canada, Indian Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-5.

Canada, Indian Reserve Waste Disposal Regulation, C.R.C. 1980, c. 960.

Canada, Penalties and Forfeitures Proceeds Regulations, C.R.C. 1978, c. 827.

Canada, Secondary Lead Smelter National Emission Standards Regulations, C.R.C. 1978, c. 412.

Florida, Florida Statutes, Ann. 403.7197 (West Supp. 1990).

Maine, Title 38 M.R.S., 1604.

Manitoba, Beverage Container and Packaging Regulation, Man. Reg. 137/92.

Manitoba, Environment Act, S.M. 1987-1988, c. 26.

Manitoba, Waste Reduction and Prevention Act, S.M. 1989-90, c. 60.

New Brunswick, Beverage Containers Act, S.N.B. 1991, c. B-2.2.

New Brunswick, General Regulation - Beverage Container Act, N.B. Reg. 92-327.

Nova Scotia, Beverage Container Regulations, N.S. Reg. 246/90.

Nova Scotia, Litter Abatement Act, S.N.S. 1989, c. 8.

Ontario, Environmental Bill of Rights, 1993, Bill 26, 3d Session, 35th Legislature (not yet passed).

Ontario, Provincial Offences Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. P-33.

Regulation Respecting Industrial Depollution Attestions, Quebec Gazette, March 4, 1992; In force for pulp and paper mills only as of September 13, 1993.

Rhode Island, R.S. 23-60-1.

South Coast Air Quality Management District, Rules and Regulations, January, 1993.

United Kingdom, Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Vict., c.3.

United Kingdom, Constitution Act, 1982, being schedule B of the Canada Act, 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c.11.

United States, Congress, National Beverage Container Reuse and Recycling Act of 1992 (not yet passed).

United States, Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C.S. §7651.

Wisconsin, R.S. Section 159, 18.

Anonymous, "A Remedy for the Victims of Pollution Permit Markets," 92 Yale Law Journal 1022.

Anonymous, "Container Deposit Legislation", (1986) 11 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 353.

Anonymous, "Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy" (1990) 20 Environmental Policy and Law 140.

Anonymous, "Stage Two of Germany's Packaging Ordinance Begins" (1992) 34 Warmer Bulletin 16.

Andersson, S. & Hanneberg, P., "New Levy on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions: First 'Refundable' Pollution Charge," (1991) 12 Enviro.

Bankes, Nigel, "Shaping the Future or Meeting the Challenge? The Federal Constitutional Proposals and Global Warming," (Fall 1991) 36 Resources 1.

Bartfeld, Esther, "Point-Nonpoint Source Trading: Looking Beyond the Potential Cost Savings" (1993) 23 Environmental Law 43.

Bongaerts, Jan C., Hempen, Joanne & Webber, Audrey, "German Ordinance on Automotive Waste," [February 1993] European Environmental Law Review 31.

Brown, G. M. Jr. & Johnson, R. W., "Pollution Control by Effluent Charges: It Works in the Federal Republic of Germany, Why Not in The U.S.," (1984) 24 Natural Resources Journal 929.

Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy, "A Nine-Point Action Plan for Municipal Solid Waste Diversion in Ontario," (Toronto: Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy, 1993).

Cassils, J. A., "Exploring Incentives: An Introduction to Incentives and Economic Instruments for Sustainable Development," Unedited Working Paper for Discussion (Ottawa: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, 1993).

Charnovitz, Steve, "Exploring the Environmental Exceptions in GATT Article XX," (1991) 25 Journal of World Trade 37.

Christensen, Eric & Geffin, Samantha, "GATT Sets Its Net on Environmental Regulation: The GATT Panel Ruling on Mexican Yellowfin Tuna Imports and the Need for Reform of the International Trading System," (1991-92) 23 The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 569.

Container Recycling Institute, Container and Packaging Recycling UPDATE (Washington D.C.: Container Recycling Institute, December 1992).

Container Recycling Institute, "What Happens to the Deposits that are Not Redeemed by Consumers?" (Washington, D.C.: Container Recycling Institute, February 1992).

Desautels, Noel, "U.S. Environmental Regulations Comparable to the Ontario Environmental Levy," (1993) [unpublished].

Dewees, Donald, "Marketable Permits: Remedy or Ruin," (1992) 17:1 Intervenor 1.

Driedger, Elmer, "Subordinate Legislation," (1960) 38 Canadian Bar Review 1.

Dudek, Daniel J., et al., "Environmental Policy for Eastern Europe: Technology-Based Versus Market Based Approaches," (1992) 17 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 1.

Environmental Defense Fund & General Motors Corporation, Mobile Emissions Reduction Crediting: A Clean Air Act Economic Incentive Policy Proposal for Retiring High-Emitting Vehicles. (Undated).

European Community, Working Group of Experts from the Member States, "Report of the Working Group of Experts from the Member States on the Use of Economic and Physical Instruments in EC Environmental Policy," (1991) 14 Boston College Int. and Comp. L. Review 293.

Fairbairn, Lynn, "Administratively-Imposed Civil Monetary Penalties: Features, Opportunities and Constraints," (1992) Paper prepared for Canadian Bar Association, Administrative Law Conference [unpublished].

Foley, Dermot, "Trading in Pollution Credits?" (Spring/Summer 1992) 22:2 Spectrum 20.

Goffman, Joseph, "To Halt Acid Rain, Reward Innovation," (New York: Environmental Defence Fund, 1993) [unpublished].

Goffman, Joseph, "Learning to Love Emissions Trading," (New York: Environmental Defence Fund, 1993) [unpublished].

Grabosky, P.N., Rewards and Incentives as Regulatory Instruments [unpublished and undated].

Gudger, Charles M. & Walters, Kenneth D., "Beverage Container Regulation: Economic Implications and Suggestions for Model Legislation," (1976) 5 Ecology Law Quarterly 265.

Hahn, Robert W., "Economic Prescriptions of Environmental Problems: How the Patient Followed the Doctor's Orders," (1989) 3 Journal of Economic Perspectives 95.

Hahn, Robert W., "An Evaluation of Options for Reducing Hazardous Waste," (1988) 12 Harvard Environmental Law Review 201.

Hahn, Robert W. & Hester, Gordon L., "Marketable Permits: Lessons for Theory and Practice," (1989) 16 Ecology Law Quarterly 361.

Hahn, Robert W. & Stavins, Robert N., "Incentive-Based Environmental Regulation: A New Era from an Old Idea?" (1991) 18 Ecology Law Quarterly 1.

Hanneberg, Peter, "Economic Instruments: Tomorrow's Approach to Protecting the Environment," (1991) 12 Enviro 2.

Hanneberg, Peter, "Successful Deposit System for Aluminum Cans," (1991) 12 Enviro 6.

Hawkins, David, et al., "Providing Economic Incentives in Environmental Regulation," (1991) 8 Yale Journal of Regulation 463.

Hillyer, Ann, et al., "Recommendations for the Proposed British Columbia Environmental Protection Act," (Vancouver: West Coast Environmental Law Association, 1993).

Huppes, Gjalt & Kagan, Robert A., "Market-Oriented Regulation of Environmental Problems in the Netherlands," (1989) 11 Law and Policy 215.

Krueger, Thomas J., "The Iron and Steel Industry Consent Decree: Implementing the Bubble Policy under the Clean Act Act," (1984) 4 Virginia Journal of Natural Resources Law 155.

Lave, Lester & Gruenspecht, Howard, "Increasing the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Environmental Decisions: Benefit-Cost Analysis and Effluent Fees: A Critical Review," (1991) 41 Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 5.

Letemendia, Miren A., "Packaging Initiatives as International Trade Barriers", in Trade and the Environment, Paper prepared for the 13th Annual Conference of the Recycling Council of Ontario, Ottawa, October 7-9, 1992.

Letson, David, "Point/NonPoint Source Pollution Reduction Trading: An Interpretative Survey," (1992) 32 Natural Resources Journal 219.

Levin, Michael H. & Elman, Barry S., "The Case for Environmental Incentives," (1990) 7:1 The Environmental Forum 7.

Lucas, Alistair, "Case Comment on R. v. Crown Zellerbach," 23 University of British Columbia Law Review 355.

Macauley, Molly K. & Palmer, Karen L., "Incentive Approaches to Regulating Toxic Substances," [Summer 1992] Resources 5.

Makuch, Zen & Winfield, Mark, "Product Stewardship System for Ontario," (Toronto: Canadian Institute for Environment Law and Policy and Canadian Environmental Law Association [draft] [unpublished].

Mann, Eric, "Market Driven Environmentalism: The False Promise," (Winter 1992) 1 Economy and Environment 4.

McCarthy, James, "Waste Reduction and Packaging in Europe," (July 1991) in Resource Recycling, 57.

McCarthy, James, "Recycling and reducing packaging waste: How the United States compares to other countries," (1993) 8 Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 293.

McDaniel, Bruce I., Annotation on Valididity and Construction on Statute or Ordinance Requiring Return Deposits on Soft Drink or Similar Containers, 73 ALR 3d.

McRobert, David & Schwartzel, Ellen, "Economic Instruments to Promote Reduction, Reuse, & Recycling in Ontario" (Toronto: Pollution Probe, 1991) [unpublished].

McSlarrow, Kyle E., "International Trade and the Environment: Building a Framework for Conflict Resolution" (1991) 21 Environmental Law Reporter 10589.

Menell, Peter S. "Beyond the Throwaway Society: An Incentive Approach to Regulating Municipal Solid Waste," (1990) 17 Ecology Law Quarterly 655.

Misiolek, Walter & Elder, Harold, "Exclusionary Manipulation of Markets for Pollution Rights," (1989) 16 Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 156.

Modahl Borg, Catharina, "Lower Income Tax for Natural Gas Car Owners," (1991) 12 Enviro 20.

Parker, Larry B., et al., "Clean Air Act Allowance Trading," (1991) 21 Environmental Law 2021.

Patterson, Eliza, "International Trade and the Environment: Institutional Solutions" (1991) 21 Environmental Law Review 10599.

Perks, Gordon, "Countdown to Zero Incompatible with Market Permits," (1992) 17:1 Intervenor 3.

Peterman, Randall & M'Gonigle, Michael, "Statistical Power Analysis and the Precautionary Principle," (1992) 24 Marine Pollution Bulletin 231.

Postner, Harry H., "Tradable Rights Approach to Environmental Policy: Some Accounting Problems of Application," Economic Council of Canada, Working Paper No. 30 (Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada, 1992).

Power, Thomas Michael, "Market-Based Instruments for Improving Environmental Quality: A Pragmantic Overview," a paper presented to the Alberta Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, October 16, 1992 [unpublished].

Rankin, T.M. & Brown, R. M., Persuasion, Penalties and Prosecution: The Treatment of Repeat Offenders Under British Columbia's Occupational Health and Safety and Pollution Control Legislation, September 1988 [unpublished].

Recyling Council of British Columbia, (October 1992) Reiterate: The Newsletter of the Recycling Council of British Columbia.

Rehbinder, E., "Environmental Regulation Through Fiscal and Economic Incentives in a Federalist System," (1993) 20 Ecology Law Quarterly 57.

Robertson, James R., Some Proposed Tax Measures to Benefit the Environment (Ottawa, Library of Parliament, January 7, 1987).

Rose, Michael, "The German Waste Packaging Ordinance: Recycling Uber Alles?" (1991) 31 Warmer Bulletin 13.

Runge, C. Ford, "Trade Protectionism and Environmental Regulations: The New Nontarrif Barriers," (1990) 11 Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 47.

Russell, Clifford, "Economic Incentives in the Management of Hazardous Waste," (1988) 13 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 257.

Rutherford, Barbara, "Marketable Air Pollution Permits: Trading Form for Substance?" (November/December 1992) 17:6 Intervenor 1.

Sandborn, C., "Harnessing the Marketplace to Reduce Hazardous Waste," Address to the Canada-Europe Meeting of Environment and Waste, (29 May 1991) [unpublished].

Shapiro, Michael & Warhit, Ellen, "Marketable Permits: The Case of Chloroflourocarbons," (1983) 23 Natural Resources Journal 577.

"State Activity," (April 1993) Container and Packaging Recycling Update 4.

"State Activity," (December 1992) Container and Packaging Recycling Update 4.

"State Activity," (June 1992) Container and Packaging Recycling Update 4.

Van Dyke, Brennan, "Emissions Trading to Reduce Acid Deposition," (1991) 100 Yale Law Journal 2707.

Volpni, Paula, Dual System Deutshland, background paper (Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy, undated).

von Moltke, Konrad, "Green Consumer Impact on Trade," (March 1993) Ecodecision, 66.

Willey, Zach, "Behind Schedule and Over Budget: The Case of Markets, Water, and Environment," (1991) 15 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 391.

Working Group of Experts from the Member States "Report on the Use of Economic and Physical Instruments in EC Environmental Policy," (1991) 14 Boston College Int. and Comparative Law Review.

Wrobel, Marion G., Environmental Problems: Market Based Solutions, Background Paper Library of Parliament, Research Branch (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1990).

British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, "A Better Way with User-Pay," Backgrounder, Victoria, B.C. [undated].

British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, "Waste Management Permit Fee Regulation," Fact Sheet, Victoria, B.C. [undated].

Canadian Automobile Association, News Release (26 June 1991).

Canadian Tire, Press Release (5 August 1991).

Environmentally Sound Packaging Coalition of Canada, "Economic Instruments: The Consumer Interest," Factsheet 1, January 1993.

Environmental Defense Fund, Release, "EDF Sues to Close Loophole in Acid Rain Regulations," (12 March, 1993).

Environmental Defense Fund, "Emissions Trading: Fiction vs. Fact," EDF Backgrounder, May 1993.

Goffman, Joseph, "Less Acid Rain for the Buck," The New York Times (17 April, 1993) L21.

Letter from James T.B. Tripp, Joseph Goffman & Daniel J. Dudek, Environmental Defense Fund, to Honourable Thomas C. Jorling, Commissioner, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (March 11, 1993) Washington, D.C.

Letter from Joseph Goffman, Environmental Defense Fund, to the Editor, Boston Globe (March 19, 1993) New York, N.Y.

Letter from Joseph Goffman, Environmental Defense Fund, to the Editor, New York Times (March 19, 1993) New York, N.Y.

End of Economic Instruments And The Environment: Selected Legal Issues